For: INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION
1. Be sure to follow the general lab write-up format.
INTRODUCTION
Write it mostly in present tense in paragraph form.
Pro - Problem: Why we did the lab and WHY Electron Micrographs were used? *
Ba - Background and Terms
Me - One or two sentences on Methods (Experimental Design).
R - Main results - general only
- References
Lab write-ups provide Valuable Practice For Research and Writing and Thinking.
BACKGROUND FOR THE READER:
- What is an electron micrograph (EM)
- WHY EM's were used in this laboratory?
- What is the basic structure of a Virus?
- What is a Bacteriophage and HOW is it different from "regular" viruses with spikes, which infect people. (ie. "injection system")
- History of Virus research. Ex. Porcelain Filters-->Notes
- Can you think of anything else in your notes or Text or extra reading that is just basic information?See Pages:
- 355-360
- & Interactive lecture
- Information in Booklet
Main Results (In General only)
- Did you notice several different shapes of viruses?
- Did the viruses show up well?
References on Virus used for Introduction:
- Mention lecture notes and Teacher
- Texts (Author, title, publisher, date, pages)
- If internet is used - Print out pages and Highlight parts used.
FOR DISCUSSION: (Follows your planner and diagrams and Methods)
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| 4 |
WHY your discussion is the most important part of your write-up?
- You need practice in explaining results and relating results to purposes and theory.
- Writing gets a person thinking in an organized way.
- The discussion will show HOW the Virus lab results could be useful to mankind. (Implications!)
- It will also suggest to other scientists what additional work they might do to further understand viruses!
YOUR DISCUSSION:
- Should not just be a restatement of results. Include plenty of "becauses."
- Should emphasize interpretation of WHY the viruses looked the way they did.
- Should relate what you saw to scientific principles and existing theory in notes on viruses.Example: In class you learned about the shaft on the tailpiece.
SHORT PARAGRAPHS TO WRITE
| Slide#1 | Slide#2 |
| WHY were the viruses lined up on the Bacterium? | Because...)(and HOW does this relate to lecture notes) |
| WHY are tail pieces anchored to the bacterium? Implication - Does this imply that a way could be developed to prevent virus infection? | Because... Hint: What could we do to stop viruses from inserting proteins into receptors? |
| WHY is there are little bridge between the two bacteria? | Because... |
| Slide#2 Is there any damage noticed on the phage and HOW could this be done, besides the way mentioned on the handout? | Ask instructor |
| Implication: WHY would biologists want to sometimes damage a virus in the lab? | -Hint: Think of what is coming out of the virus in slide #2. |
| Slide #3 - Short paragraph Are there some helpful hints on the handout for what to write for your discussion, regarding implications? | Ex. It says the flu mutates readily. What does the imply? (Suggest beyond the lab) Hint: Think of the HOW & WHY lectures on HOW the flu keeps "coming back." |
| Slide #4 - Short Paragraph Correction: insert 2 words bewteen "eight" and "cells" so it reads: "eight nuclei from cells that were infected." WHY can't you see the viruses? How can you tell there were originally 8 cells before the measles attack? What happened to the cells? - explain | Hint: Count the round objects on the right. |
| Slide #5 - Paragraph to write What implication can you think of concerning Newcastle disease in chickens? | Hint: What is a lot of research money being used for? |
| Smallpox - Explain fully WHY cowpox vaccination worked against smallpox? Use your interactive lecture notes on Antigens etc. | Hint: Think of the story told of HOW milkmaidens became immune (in handout). |
| Slide #6 - Paragraph to write: WHY must viruses get into live cells? WHY must viruses later leave live cells? | -Hint: Think of interactive lectures on WHAT is Life and What viruses can'tdo on their own and what they are missing? |
| Also answer the question on the handout as part of your paragraph. | |
| Slide #7 - Tobacco Mosaic Virus WHY do you think TM Viruses can form crystals? Implication: What implication is there for the fact that so many plants get virus diseases? | Hint: Think of what TM viruses contain - )(HOW simple their chemical make-up is) and what shape they have? |
| Slide #8 - Cancer viruses paragraph: Really think on this one! Read about cancers (caused by viruses) in humans. Ex. cervical cancer in women | Hint: Implication WHY should young women geta "pap" test? (Ask for more hints.) |
| Ex. Discuss the implication coming from the fact that baby mice that were immediately removedfrom the mother with leukemia usually don't get leukemia. | Hint: Leukemia viruses have been seen in body fluids of mice. |
